Wednesday, January 31, 2024

Sales of EVs in Germany is tumbling

There was an item on German news last evening about the drop in sales of new electric cars. They showed a salesroom where a new VW ID3 was on sale for €30,000.

Germany’s new-car market went into a free fall in December, led by a near halving of new electric-vehicle sales, pulling the sale of new EVs in the broader European Union down for the first time since early 2020.

There is an upswing in Germany in petrol and diesel car sales.

On the subject of cars, the link below is most interesting.

https://youtu.be/TfkkCxoDK_w 

Tuesday, January 30, 2024

Watching a church in need of saving grace

This week’s Mediahuis Irish regional newspapers’ column.

Michael Commane

RTÉ’s programme ‘The Last Priests in Ireland' aired on Monday, January 15 was a respectful portrayal in chronicling the ever dwindling numbers of men studying for the Catholic priesthood. Ardal O’Hanlon did a good job and the priests who featured were impressive. 

The Army chaplain spoke wise words. I liked the Limerick priest’s understanding of community and how he had reconfigured the church interior. The priest from Tipperary came across as an enthusiastic young man, who was making it his business to help people and to be with them in their search for God.

The majority of Catholic priests are fine men but priesthood is in trouble. The dogs on the street know there is something wrong but really is there any genuine attempt to improve matters? Anyone who is a member of any organisation or grouping knows when matters are amiss.

I get the impression there is little or no real and honest communication between priests and then between priests and their bishops or provincials.

The sort or style of shadow boxing that made the sad shocking story of clerical child sex abuse so bad and horrible still exists in the clerical world.


For reasons beyond my understanding, people of faith who love their church are far too slow in challenging the priest or indeed, bishop. When last did you speak your mind, openly and honestly with your local priest? Did you ever tell him you disagreed with how he conducts the Sunday liturgy? 


In the context of the parish is there ever open discussion about our image of God? What does the Trinity mean? What relevance does the Virgin birth have to believing people? What role does a parish council have? Is there any place for theological discussion in a parish? What do we know about the Bible, indeed, what do we know about the lay out of the Mass? Many parish newsletters are embarrassing to read.


Do bishops or provincials make it their business to reach out to their brother priests in a real and meaningful way? The system is collapsing in front of our eyes and while that’s happening a far-right brigade is in the process of taking over and bringing us back to a closed dark church of the 1950s.


I’m aware of a situation where a religious congregation called in a consultant to survey the lie of the land. The management team was not happy with the findings so the full report was never published. That’s where the Irish Catholic Church is today. 


What’s happening in politics all over the world is also at play within the Catholic Church. Our church is being far too influenced by an American style of Christian nationalism, which is neither Christian nor national. Just look at how American evangelists are throwing their holy weight behind Donald Trump. 


He is offering to restore America to its rightful place in the world. He pretends he wants to go back to the good old  ‘Christian’ times. Other dangerous men play similar games. That’s not where our future lies

Monday, January 29, 2024

Why no mention of the Red Army?

Yesterday the world remembered what Germany unleashed on the Jewish community during the Hitler years. Yesterday was Holocaust Day.

It was on January 27, 1945 that the Soviet 322nd Rifle Division liberated the remaining inmates at Auschwitz-Birkenau in Poland.

It was noticeable that Irish media outlets, including RTÉ, when referring to the liberation of the death camp, where over one million Jews were murdered, there was no mention of who the liberators were, the Red Army.

Sunday, January 28, 2024

Saturday, January 27, 2024

Person who speaks loudest not always the most virtuous

The Thinking Anew column in The Irish Times today.

Michael Commane

I think it fair to say that some people are powerful orators. It doesn’t always mean that we have to agree with what they say but if we do, it even makes their words stronger and more powerful.


I had the good fortune when working in Concern Worldwide to hear Bill Clinton when he was on a visit to Dublin. I heard him speak in Dublin Castle. It was that dead hour, immediately after lunch when it’s difficult to stay awake. I was enthralled by him, listened to every word he said and felt he was speaking directly to me. The topic was aid to the developing world and every word he said made complete sense to me.

 

He reminded me that day of the Pied Piper of Hameln. And that phrase the ‘pied piper’ has become a metaphor for a person who attracts a following through charisma or false promises.


In tomorrow’s Gospel (Mark 1: 21 -28) People follow Jesus. Word goes out that he can cure people and his followers see him as a kind and good person. In fact they are so impressed with him that they are ‘astonished’. ‘And his reputation rapidly spread everywhere, through all the surrounding Galilean countryside.’


What is it that some people have that makes them powerful orators or speakers? What is it about their words that can be so seductive?


In these very days 80 years ago the German Army was being destroyed at Stalingrad. The German troops on the ground knew the game was up. And yet just two months earlier Hitler gave a speech in Munich ranting on, telling the vast crowd present that victory would be theirs. All through the speech he received tumultuous  applause. Carpenters, philosophers, teachers, scientists, doctors, the majority of Germans believed he was the man to make Germany great again.


What did he have that was able to lead people to such darkness and evil?


Isn’t it an age-old problem? In tomorrow’s first reading (Deuteronomy 18: 15 - 20) it’s brought to our attention that there are prophets who do great good but also there are those prophets who can cause terrible harm.


We seem to be living in a time of great divisions. Or maybe better said, people today are more forthright in expressing their views in as strong a manner as possible. It seems people easily get caught up in the passion of a situation and become blinkered to any other way of thinking. The concept of nuance or the possibility of another way is dismissed as weak, even treachery.


Very often in such a climate the person who speaks the loudest, has clear cut and definite solutions wins the day. Social media is a catalyst whereby shouting and stupidity can thrive.


I can honestly say that in the current climate I’m having difficulty whom to follow. Earlier this week listening to a man discuss a matter on television I thought he was talking sense and yet my views and his are diametrically opposed.


Later that evening I was thinking of how parents watch over and guide their children. Parents never want their children to be influenced for the bad by other children they consider not a good influence on them. Parents have that innate sense to protect their children. I’m not at all talking about social class or snobbery. 


Parents want the best for their children, they want them to be good people, they want them to be influenced for the good. The good parent will want their child to be in the company of children who are wholesome and bring the best out in their own child.


And on that note children in their innocence can remind their parents when they step out of line.

Goodness does in some extraordinary way diffuse itself. Through good habits we build up a sense for what is right and wrong. That’s what virtue is.


An intelligent and faith-filled approach to reading good literature, including the Scriptures is a key in helping us how we decipher whom to follow.


The kindness and authority with which Jesus speaks in tomorrow’s Gospel proved attractive to the people around him.


I pray that I can be influenced by the wise and kind words of other people and indeed by the words of Scripture too.


Friday, January 26, 2024

Oscar Wilde on death

 “Death must be so beautiful. To lie in the soft brown earth, with the grasses waving above one’s head, and listen to silence. To have no yesterday, and no tomorrow. To forget time, to forgive life, to be at peace.”

- Oscar Wilde

Thursday, January 25, 2024

A pivotal point in world history

On this day, January 25, 1943 two separate thrusts of Soviet troops joined in the centre of Stalingrad. It meant cutting the remaining German forces into two small groupings. This was the famous cauldron at the city on the Volga, which had been meticulously  planned and designed by Field Marshal George Zhukov. 

Six days later, on January 31 at 07.35 Field Marshal Friedrich Paulus surrendered to the superior forces of the Red Army. It was the beginning of the end and a pivotal point in World War II. Paulus was the first ever German field marshal to surrender.

Wednesday, January 24, 2024

A gifted generous man who inspired me

This week’s Mediahuis Irish regional newspapers’ column

Michael Commane

It was the Thursday evening of the cold spell when I called Noel to say hello and ask him if it was cold in West Kerry. He assured me it was not too bad. We chatted about this and that. We had our regular banter. I asked him was he okay and in his usual  good humoured manner told me he was.


Within 48 hours a friend phoned to tell me that Noel had been found dead at home on Saturday afternoon.


I cannot believe he is dead. There is no good way to die but I do know that Noel, who was 85, could not have wished for a better death. Someone saw him driving his car on Friday. He died with his boots on, exactly what he would have wanted.


The older I get the more confused I am about life and death. These days I see it all as one big mystery. Eight years working as a hospital chaplain has brought me face-to-face with the fragility of our lives. What we worry about one moment is of no importance at the blink of an eye.


In recent years Noel and I often spoke about the transience of our lives.


Noel was one of the most generous people I ever had the good fortune to meet.


He lived in a small village. Everyone knew him. He would do anything for anyone. Noel was a talented photographer. He took photographs at every village event, had the photos printed and gave them to the relevant people and did it all for free. 


Many years ago I gave him a gift of a digital camera, it was not an expensive one. At first he did not use it. 


He was slow enough to go digital but when he did, he took to it like a duck to water. He was fascinated with sight and sound. Along with his photographic talent he was interested in sound production. He spent long evenings transferring old tapes on to DVDs, whether or not he ever digitised them I don’t know. He was a regular visitor to the annual Fleadh Cheoil, where he went armed with his camera and recording equipment. Most times when I called to his home he was working on tape or film, doing work for someone. Noel would always oblige and he never charged a cent.


He made currachs and canoes and took to the water in them too. Noel was a fit man, cycling his bicycle around the village up to last year. Indeed, many is the time he cycled from West Kerry to work on a Monday morning at Cork Airport.


He was the man to call when someone wanted to attach a plug onto a wire or repair a toaster. He could do anything with his hands and those hands were always there for those who found little jobs difficult. 


He called to people who might have been lonely and no job would be left undone.


In his 80s you’d see him up a ladder cleaning the gutter of someone else’s house, or replacing a down-pipe that had seen better times.


A quiet unassuming man. A wonderfully gifted human being, who inspired me.

Tuesday, January 23, 2024

Seósamh Laurence Collins OP (1939 - 2024) - an obituary

Seósamh Laurence Collins died

in Tallaght University Hospital in the early hours of Monday morning, January 22.

Larry, as he was known in the Order, was born on December 18, 1939 in County Galway and spent his early years on the north side of Dublin. He attended Newbridge College as a boarder from where he joined the Dominican Order in 1957. On receiving the habit the young Seósamh was given the name Laurence. He made first profession in September 1958 and was ordained a priest in Clonliffe by Archbishop McQuaid on July 12, 1964.

He did post graduate studies in theology at the University of St Thomas in Rome, where he also obtained a doctorate in Canon Law.

On returning from Rome he was assigned to St Mary’s Priory, Tallaght, where he was on the teaching staff for a number of years. Larry worked in the marriage tribunal of the Archdiocese of Dublin from 1968 to 1992.

He succeeded Antoninus Delaney as student master in the 1970s and remained in the job until the early '80s

During his years in Tallaght Larry was a constant on the football field, where he was a force with whom to be reckoned. As a pupil in Newbridge College he played rugby and indeed, while in Rome badly damaged his shoulder, playing with the Irish College in a game against an Aer Lingus squad.

Larry was close to being a fanatical follower of the Dublin senior GAA team. He and the late Andrew Kane spent hours discussing the finer points of the strategy of the Dublin team. On one occasion during the run of Dublin All Ireland wins I suggested to him that it would be good for the game if Dublin were beaten. He was having none of it and actually got annoyed with me.

In the summer months he seldom if ever missed swimming in the outdoor pool in Tallaght, which has long disappeared and is now but a memory. Later, when prior in Newbridge, he’d swim in cold days in the Liffey. It was a hop step and jump from the main door of the priory. He was sea swimming up to three years ago, usually at the Forty Foot.

He was never without a bicycle. When in Tallaght as a younger man his main transport to and from the city was his bicycle. Approximately two years ago he bought an electric bicycle. It was a bad buy. He bought the wrong one. Within days of using it he fell off it. An electric bicycle is not the easiest of machines for an 80-year old person to handle. And that particular model was cheap with the centre of gravity in the wrong place. Larry never cycled again and kindly gave me the bicycle. That fall greatly added to his pain and suffering at the time.

He held many positions of leadership in the province. He was prior in St Mary’s, Tallaght; St Eustace, Newbridge and was provincial of the province between 1992 and 2000. Larry was also a member of many boards, including those of schools

He was a Gaeilgeoir and on the board of the gaelscoil in Tallaght.

When Damian Byrne was elected master of the Order in Rome in September 1983 he turned to Larry asking him if he could borrow his habit. Larry duly obliged. There may well have been much symbolism for both men in that handover.

Larry was provincial at a difficult time in the province and in Ireland. He had to deal with much of the fallout concerning the scandal of child clerical sex abuse, which meant he was directly involved with a number of Irish Dominicans, who had been found guilty of crimes and he also had to deal with those men, who had allegedly committed crimes, but were never in front of an Irish Court. 

After a short break, on completion of his time as provincial, Larry moved to St Dominic’s parish in Tallaght in 2001 where he remained as administrator until late last year. In many ways he flourished there and became a friend and supporter to so many in the parish.

Larry was my student master, prior and provincial. During his time as provincial he visited me one day at the Kerryman office to inform me of matters concerning an incident of child sexual abuse in the province that was about to come to court. Earlier in the day he had visited the priory in Tralee to inform the community. He was upset and tired, yet made it his business in late evening to come to the newspaper office to explain in detail to me the details of the case.

There are those in the province who would say that as long as Larry Collins was provincial Commane could do what he liked. Of course that is not at all true. Larry genuinely listened to people and if people were open and honest with him he responded accordingly.

In many ways he could be a shy man, maybe even diffident at times. He also may have had an ever so slight lisp. 

Larry had time for everyone. He went that proverbial extra mile to help the weak, those who had been forgotten and not considered important. He had absolutely no time for nonsense or codology. He had no time for pomposity or show.

Less than a month ago the two of us were chatting about this and that. I asked him, half jokingly/fully seriously, might he be coming around to my way of thinking. He looked at me, smiled and said nothing. Did that say it all? All forms of clericalism greatly annoyed him and he was genuinely concerned with what was happening in the Irish church.

Larry was extremely supportive of the Irish Dominican Sisters and Nuns and always called for more cooperation between the women and men.

Larry was attentive to attending the funerals of fellow Dominicans, women and men. He went out of respect for the dead and their families and friends.

The sudden and unexpected death of his 12-year-old grand nephew earlier this month was a sh0cking burden for him to bear.

I had the good fortune over the last number of years to get ever closer to Larry, listen to his wisdom and appreciate his goodness and humanity.

While he had been ill, suffering from a number of ailments, his death was sudden and unexpected.

He was intellectually gifted and a man of prayer.

To finish on a funny note and a tale about an Ireland of the past: Larry was waiting for a bus in Dublin city centre on a Sunday afternoon to go visit his family on the north side of the city. A 16A was parked at the  stop. Larry, wearing his Roman collar, got chatting with the driver and conductor. They asked him what bus he was waiting for. He replied a 16. The driver said: 'not a problem Father', changed the destination board to 16 and off they drove.

May he rest in peace.

Larry's body will be lying in state in St Dominic’s Presbytery, St Dominic’s Road, Tallaght, Dublin 24 tomorrow, Wednesday, January 24 from 2.30pm. Removal to St Dominic’s Church at 5.30pm. Funeral Mass in St Dominic’s Church at midday on Thursday. Burial afterwards in the cemetery at St Mary’s Priory, Tallaght.


Monday, January 22, 2024

Larry Seósamh Collins OP, RIP

Dominican priest  Seosamh Collins, known in the Order as Larry, died early this morning in Tallaght University Hospital.

An obituary to follow. 

May he rest in peace. 

Germanwide demonstrations agains the growing far-right

Germany is anxious. The Germans are worried.

Over the weekend hundreds of thousands of Germans demonstrated across the land objecting to the rise of far right xenophobic groupings and the ever growing popularity of the right-wing AfD (Alternative for Germany).

People who never before came out on the streets were demonstrating, parents with their children, young women and men, who are not in any political party, took part and they were out on the streets from Hamburg to Munich. In Berlin over 100,000 demonstrated, another 100,000 in Munich and Cologne. And more peaceful demonstrations are planned for the coming week.

They are determined it will not happen again in Germany.

Later in the day the leader of the CDU, Friedrich Merz complimented the demonstrators on the new Caren Miosga programme aired on public broadcaster ARD. 

While praising the demonstrators, he said that if one out of every 10 people who were on the streets at the weekend joined a democratic party, they could put a stop to the rise of the far-right and halt the rise of the AfD.

Sunday, January 21, 2024

All men are short of money, especially the rich ones

The net worth of the world’s 

five richest people - Jeff Bezos, Warren Buffett, Bernard Arnault, Larry Ellison and Elon Musk has more than doubled since 2020.  And then the nine richest people in Ireland.

Over a billion people on the planet have not enough food to eat.

Saturday, January 20, 2024

The emptiness of brands and scandal protection

 Last evening Channel 4 interviewed forensic accountant Ian Hederson on the UK Post Office scandal.

The Post Office sacked him because he was getting too close to what was going on.

He said that the Post Office was at all costs going to protect the brand.

Again, so similar to how the Catholic Church has  behaved and most likely how it still behaves. The brand must at all times be protected. And any and all forms of scandal have always been issues with the church.

‘Irregular events’ in the past would take place in churches, maybe even in sacristies,  early in the morning, so that the ‘faithful’ might not be ‘scandalised’.

What was all that about? Any different from the rational of the UK Post Office?




Friday, January 19, 2024

Similarities between UK Post Office and Catholic Church

Channel 4’s evening news yesterday revealed more damning information of the Post Office scandal in the United Kingdom.

It has now come to light that the Post Office board was aware from a very early stage that there were problems with the Horizon software. They were so aware that they brought in their lawyers to discuss the matter.

There are similarities between the behaviour of the top management of the British Post Office and the leadership of the Catholic Church in how it dealt with clerical child sex abuse.

Thursday, January 18, 2024

New Dublin bus routes show signs of joint up thinking

A number of new bus routes came into operation in Dublin in November.

Both Dublin Bus and Go Ahead are operating the new routes.

Advertising about the new routes has been sparse.

Who knows for instance the new S2 links Heuston Station with St James’s Hospital, Sundrive Road, Rathmines, Sandymount?

The new S4 connects UCD with Liffey Valley via Terenure and Rathgar, while the S6 connects UCD with Tallaght and Blackrock rail station.

The S 8 links Citywest with Dún Laoghaire.

Have the S, W and L a meaning?

The Transport of Ireland (TFI) app leaves a lot to be desired. The sooner it happens the better for all who use public transport.


Wednesday, January 17, 2024

RTÉ’s priests programme was done with great respect

The RTÉ programme on priests, aired on Monday evening made for good television.

It was fair and respectful. Nothing snide or point scoring about it. No crazy people appeared and with one or two exceptions none of the usual personalities.

It would be interesting to know if a bishop had been invited to appear on the programme.

Ardal O’Hanlon deserves to be commended for his treatment of the programme.

Tuesday, January 16, 2024

The British Post Office fails to deliver justice

This week’s Mediahuis Irish regional newspapers’ Column.

Michael Commane

In early January ITV aired a four-part series on the British Post Office scandal. 


In 1996 the British Post Office began working on a computer system to streamline the payment of social security benefits through its nationwide post office network. Fujitsu was commissioned to roll out the system, which was called Horizon.

 

In 1999 a number of sub postmasters/mistresses were accused of falsifying their accounts. Some were taken to court by the Post Office and did time in prison. More had their post offices closed down and their names destroyed. Many were bullied into signing guilty statements. But one brave sub postmaster, Alan Bates, who was wrongly accused of misappropriation of funds decided to challenge the Post Office. He was told that he was the only one who had a problem. He phoned colleagues and discovered the Post Office was not telling the truth.


The London Metropolitan Police is now investigating potential fraud offences committed during the Horizon IT scandal.


Alan Bates, played by Toby Jones in the ITV drama series, is an inspiring man, who has no intentions of allowing the behemoth Post Office to destroy him and his colleagues. He discovers over 500 sub postmasters/mistresses have been accused of stealing money from the Post Office. 


It is a horrific story of cruelty. Some have even taken their own lives. People have been bankrupted. People’s lives have been destroyed. The Post Office presumed the staff would never be able to afford the cost of going to court.


One of the ironies of the scandal is that the Chief Executive Officer of the Post Office from 2012 to 2019, was ordained a priest of the Church of England in 2006.


Since the ITV programme more postmasters/mistresses have come forward with their stories.

 

Now that the world has seen the behaviour of the British Post Office Fujitsu it’s easy to support Mr Bates and those who have been brutally treated. In every story there is a universal lesson to be learned.


What about those, who away from the public glare, are attempting to criticise the wrongdoing that is being done to them and their colleagues? Mr Bates should be a role model for all who are fighting for the cause of justice. The big company or organisation has the power and the resources to destroy the little person. A wise man said to me once, that the behemoths have a five-plan strategy against the little person, who they believe will get tired, frustrated, run out of money, become ill, die. It’s as nasty and as cruel as that. How can the little person ever afford to go to court?


Mr Bates gives hope to those who stand up for what is right.


It could have all been so different had the British Post Office sat down and spoken with their sub postmasters/mistresses. Surely they knew the history of their people, knew they were honest. But no, they knew better, or so they thought. How wrong they were.


All Alan Bates wanted was the truth, which he eventually got, though hard earned.

Monday, January 15, 2024

Russian priest refuses to pray for Russian victory in Ukraine

This is the story of a Russian Orthodox priest who refused to pray for victory for the Russian Army n Ukraine. Instead he has been praying for peace. 

A brave man.

Patriarch Krill has removed him from his job. The patriarch has sided with Putin instead of with one of his own priests.

Father Aleksiy Uminsky is a well known priest in Moscow. He officiated at the funeral last year of Mikhail Gorbachov.

Do we ever appreciate the freedom we have and what it means to live in a liberal free society.

Who would have the bravery to do what this man has done? What’s his future now?

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/14/russian-orthodox-priest-faces-expulsion-for-refusing-to-pray-for-victory-over-ukraine?CMP=share_btn_link

Sunday, January 14, 2024

Noel Cummins RIP

I heard yesterday afternoon that Noel Cummins had died.

Noel was an extraordinary person. He was one of the most generous people I have ever had the good fortune to know.

Noel lived in Castlegregory in West Kerry.  I was talking to him on Thursday on the phone. He was in his early 80s, a fit man.

What that man did for people in the village. He would do anything for anyone. A great photographer, could do anything with his hands and up to very recently could be seen climbing up a ladder. Noel spent most of his working life with Posts and Telegraph, later known eircom. He spent many years working at Cork Airport on secondment from P&T.

More to follow, I hope on this great man.

My deepest sympathy to his three children, their spouses and his two sisters. His wonderful wife died many years ago.

May he rest in peace.

Saturday, January 13, 2024

Tractors on German motorways, no trains on the tracks

German farmers have spent the week blocking roads across the country protesting against government policy, including the removal of their subsidy on agricultural diesel.

The Geman locomotive drivers (GDL) ended a three day strike yesterday which brought Deutsch Bahn to a standstill.

And all the time the AfD and other far right groupings are infiltrating any organisation that is protesting against government policy.

The link below is worth watching.

https://youtu.be/PlthizYfWWg?si=zrmHLMIsnTn0Qhwo

Friday, January 12, 2024

Bishop Robert Barron confirms actor Shia LaBeouf

The piece below is from the Tablet weekly online update. It is written by staff reporter Patrick Hudson.

It’s an interesting story and difficult what to make of it.

Dear Reader,

Bishop Robert Barron of Winona-Rochester confirmed the idiosyncratic actor Shia LaBeouf on New Year’s Eve, at a Capuchin church in California. 


Catholic reportage intersected – as it quite often does – with Hollywood gossip when the friar who sponsored LaBeouf said he had mooted becoming a deacon one day. 


Back in the noughties I enjoyed repeats of his curious sit-com Even Stevens on after-school telly and loathed, with all right-thinking people, Indiana Jones and the Crystal Skull in 2008, but hadn’t come across him in much else since (except in a slightly-viral song about him being an “actual cannibal” – LaBeouf gamely made a cameo in the music video). 


Then he starred as the eponymous stigmatic in last year’s Padre Pio and broadcast an 80-minute interview with Bishop Barron about how the part led him to a love of the faith. Perhaps that’s the kind of handbrake turn that does lead to Holy Orders.


The Capuchins are delighted for him. LaBeouf reportedly spent a lot of time with them in preparation for filming Pio and found solace in the “nuts and bolts” of the faith; it seems the friars took a sensibly dynamic approach towards catechesis, not strictly by the RCIA book. Celebrities who love the old rite make anodyne online copy, but there’s a good and troubling story behind this Tinseltown-clerical gloss – because LaBeouf came to the Church after a period of career drift, bouts of alcoholism and violence, and domestic abuse allegations. 


A lawsuit filed against him by a former girlfriend in 2020 makes gruelling, disgusting reading, and is due to go to trial in October this year. LaBeouf indirectly acknowledged the claims in 2022 and accepted that he “****ed up bad”, that he was “a pleasure-seeking, selfish, self-centred, dishonest, inconsiderate, fearful human being”.


The truth that the Church accepts anybody, however uncomfortable we might be with them, is not something we should be comfortable with. It is not a truism, but part of the radical difficulty of Christianity. 

Reports of a potential film-star deacon which nod discreetly to a “scandalous” past are as callous as any

Variety profile, because LaBeouf is another broken person received into the Church as likely to embarrass as to exalt it. 

Catholics have another troubled and troubling individual on the books and that – much more than a celebrity convert, and however awkward it turns out to be – is good news.


Thursday, January 11, 2024

The scandal at the British Post Office

The unfolding scandal of the British Post Office tells a universal story. The little person versus the behemoth.

It’s the perfect time to read Hans Fallada’s What Now Little Man.

The majority of the very people now coming out to support the sub masters/mistresses were  nowhere when Alan Bates was looking for support.

Well done to ITV. But the problem is not yet solved.

Wednesday, January 10, 2024

Vatican document issued after Pope Francis’s comments

Index

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DICASTERY FOR THE DOCTRINE OF THE FAITH

Declaration

Fiducia Supplicans

On the Pastoral Meaning of Blessings

 

Presentation

This Declaration considers several questions that have come to this Dicastery in recent years. In preparing the document, the Dicastery, as is its practice, consulted experts, undertook a careful drafting process, and discussed the text in the Congresso of the Doctrinal Section of the Dicastery. During that time, the document was discussed with the Holy Father. Finally, the text of the Declaration was submitted to the Holy Father for his review, and he approved it with his signature.

While the subject matter of this document was being studied, the Holy Father’s response to the Dubia of some Cardinals was made known. That response provided important clarifications for this reflection and represents a decisive element for the work of the Dicastery. Since “the Roman Curia is primarily an instrument at the service of the successor of Peter” (Ap. Const. Praedicate Evangelium, II, 1), our work must foster, along with an understanding of the Church’s perennial doctrine, the reception of the Holy Father’s teaching.

As with the Holy Father’s above-mentioned response to the Dubia of two Cardinals, this Declaration remains firm on the traditional doctrine of the Church about marriage, not allowing any type of liturgical rite or blessing similar to a liturgical rite that can create confusion. The value of this document, however, is that it offers a specific and innovative contribution to the pastoral meaning of blessings, permitting a broadening and enrichment of the classical understanding of blessings, which is closely linked to a liturgical perspective. Such theological reflection, based on the pastoral vision of Pope Francis, implies a real development from what has been said about blessings in the Magisterium and the official texts of the Church. This explains why this text has taken on the typology of a “Declaration.”

It is precisely in this context that one can understand the possibility of blessing couples in irregular situations and same-sex couples without officially validating their status or changing in any way the Church’s perennial teaching on marriage.

This Declaration is also intended as a tribute to the faithful People of God, who worship the Lord with so many gestures of deep trust in his mercy and who, with this confidence, constantly come to seek a blessing from Mother Church.

Víctor Manuel Card. Fernández
Prefect

Introduction

1. The supplicating trust of the faithful People of God receives the gift of blessing that flows from the Heart of Christ through his Church. Pope Francis offers this timely reminder: “The great blessing of God is Jesus Christ. He is the great gift of God, his own Son. He is a blessing for all humanity, a blessing that has saved us all. He is the Eternal Word, with whom the Father blessed us ‘while we were still sinners’ (Rom. 5:8), as St. Paul says. He is the Word made flesh, offered for us on the cross.”[1]

2. Encouraged by such a great and consoling truth, this Dicastery has considered several questions of both a formal and an informal nature about the possibility of blessing same-sex couples and—in light of Pope Francis’ fatherly and pastoral approach—of offering new clarifications on the Responsum ad dubium[2] that the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith published on 22 February 2021.

3. The above-mentioned Responsum elicited numerous and varied reactions: some welcomed the clarity of the document and its consistency with the Church’s perennial teaching; others did not share the negative response it gave to the question or did not consider the formulation of its answer and the reasons provided in the attached Explanatory Note to be sufficiently clear. To meet the latter reaction with fraternal charity, it seems opportune to take up the theme again and offer a vision that draws together the doctrinal aspects with the pastoral ones in a coherent manner because “all religious teaching ultimately has to be reflected in the teacher’s way of life, which awakens the assent of the heart by its nearness, love, and witness.”[3]

I. The Blessing in the Sacrament of Marriage

4. Pope Francis’ recent response to the second of the five questions posed by two Cardinals[4] offers an opportunity to explore this issue further, especially in its pastoral implications. It is a matter of avoiding that “something that is not marriage is being recognized as marriage.”[5] Therefore, rites and prayers that could create confusion between what constitutes marriage—which is the “exclusive, stable, and indissoluble union between a man and a woman, naturally open to the generation of children”[6]—and what contradicts it are inadmissible. This conviction is grounded in the perennial Catholic doctrine of marriage; it is only in this context that sexual relations find their natural, proper, and fully human meaning. The Church’s doctrine on this point remains firm.

5. This is also the understanding of marriage that is offered by the Gospel. For this reason, when it comes to blessings, the Church has the right and the duty to avoid any rite that might contradict this conviction or lead to confusion. Such is also the meaning of the Responsum of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, which states that the Church does not have the power to impart blessings on unions of persons of the same sex.

6. It should be emphasized that in the Rite of the Sacrament of Marriage, this concerns not just any blessing but a gesture reserved to the ordained minister. In this case, the blessing given by the ordained minister is tied directly to the specific union of a man and a woman, who establish an exclusive and indissoluble covenant by their consent. This fact allows us to highlight the risk of confusing a blessing given to any other union with the Rite that is proper to the Sacrament of Marriage.

II. The Meaning of the Various Blessings

7. The Holy Father’s above-mentioned response invites us to broaden and enrich the meaning of blessings. 

8. Blessings are among the most widespread and evolving sacramentals. Indeed, they lead us to grasp God’s presence in all the events of life and remind us that, even in the use of created things, human beings are invited to seek God, to love him, and to serve him faithfully.[7] For this reason, blessings have as their recipients: people; objects of worship and devotion; sacred images; places of life, of work, and suffering; the fruits of the earth and human toil; and all created realities that refer back to the Creator, praising and blessing him by their beauty.

The Liturgical Meaning of the Rites of Blessing

9. From a strictly liturgical point of view, a blessing requires that what is blessed be conformed to God’s will, as expressed in the teachings of the Church. 

10. Indeed, blessings are celebrated by virtue of faith and are ordered to the praise of God and the spiritual benefit of his people. As the Book of Blessings explains, “so that this intent might become more apparent, by an ancient tradition, the formulas of blessing are primarily aimed at giving glory to God for his gifts, asking for his favors, and restraining the power of evil in the world.”[8] Therefore, those who invoke God’s blessing through the Church are invited to “strengthen their dispositions through faith, for which all things are possible” and to trust in “the love that urges the observance of God’s commandments.”[9] This is why, while “there is always and everywhere an opportunity to praise God through Christ, in the Holy Spirit,” there is also a care to do so with “things, places, or circumstances that do not contradict the law or the spirit of the Gospel.”[10] This is a liturgical understanding of blessings insofar as they are rites officially proposed by the Church.

11. Basing itself on these considerations, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith’s Explanatory Note to its 2021 Responsum recalls that when a blessing is invoked on certain human relationships by a special liturgical rite, it is necessary that what is blessed corresponds with God’s designs written in creation and fully revealed by Christ the Lord. For this reason, since the Church has always considered only those sexual relations that are lived out within marriage to be morally licit, the Church does not have the power to confer its liturgical blessing when that would somehow offer a form of moral legitimacy to a union that presumes to be a marriage or to an extra-marital sexual practice. The Holy Father reiterated the substance of this Declaration in his Respuestas to the Dubia of two Cardinals.

12. One must also avoid the risk of reducing the meaning of blessings to this point of view alone, for it would lead us to expect the same moral conditions for a simple blessing that are called for in the reception of the sacraments. Such a risk requires that we broaden this perspective further. Indeed, there is the danger that a pastoral gesture that is so beloved and widespread will be subjected to too many moral prerequisites, which, under the claim of control, could overshadow the unconditional power of God’s love that forms the basis for the gesture of blessing.

13. Precisely in this regard, Pope Francis urged us not to “lose pastoral charity, which should permeate all our decisions and attitudes” and to avoid being “judges who only deny, reject, and exclude.”[11] Let us then respond to the Holy Father’s proposal by developing a broader understanding of blessings.

Blessings in Sacred Scripture

14. To reflect on blessings by gathering different points of view, we first need to be enlightened by the voice of Scripture.

15. “May the Lord bless you and keep you. May the Lord make his face shine upon you and be gracious to you. May the Lord lift up his countenance upon you and give you peace” (Num. 6:24-26). This “priestly blessing” we find in the Old Testament, specifically in the Book of Numbers, has a “descending” character since it represents the invocation of a blessing that descends from God upon man: it is one of the oldest texts of divine blessing. Then, there is a second type of blessing we find in the biblical pages: that which “ascends” from earth to heaven, toward God. Blessing in this sense amounts to praising, celebrating, and thanking God for his mercy and his faithfulness, for the wonders he has created, and for all that has come about by his will: “Bless the Lord, my soul, and all that is within me, bless his holy name!” (Ps103:1).

16. To God who blesses, we also respond by blessing. Melchizedek, King of Salem, blesses Abram (cf. Gen. 14:19); Rebekah is blessed by family members just before she becomes the bride of Isaac (cf. Gen. 24:60), who, in turn, blesses his son, Jacob (cf. Gen. 27:27). Jacob blesses Pharaoh (cf. Gen. 47:10), his own grandsons, Ephraim and Manasseh (cf. Gen. 48:20), and his twelve sons (cf. Gen. 49:28). Moses and Aaron bless the community (cf. Ex. 39:43; Lev. 9:22). The heads of households bless their children at weddings, before embarking on a journey, and in the imminence of death. These blessings, accordingly, appear to be a superabundant and unconditional gift.

17. The blessing found in the New Testament retains essentially the same meaning it had in the Old Testament. We find the divine gift that “descends,” the human thanksgiving that “ascends,” and the blessing imparted by man that “extends” toward others. Zechariah, having regained the use of speech, blesses the Lord for his wondrous works (cf. Lk. 1:64). Simeon, while holding the newborn Jesus in his arms, blesses God for granting him the grace to contemplate the saving Messiah, and then blesses the child’s parents, Mary and Joseph (cf. Lk. 2:34). Jesus blesses the Father in the famous hymn of praise and exultation he addressed to him: “I praise you, O Father, Lord of heaven and earth” (Mt. 11:25).

18. In continuity with the Old Testament, in Jesus as well the blessing is not only ascending, referring to the Father, but is also descending, being poured out on others as a gesture of grace, protection, and goodness. Jesus himself implemented and promoted this practice. For example, he blessed children: “And he took them in his arms and blessed them, laying his hands upon them” (Mk.10:16). And Jesus’ earthly journey will end precisely with a final blessing reserved for the Eleven, shortly before he ascends to the Father: “And lifting up his hands he blessed them. While he blessed them, he parted from them and was carried up into heaven” (Lk. 24:50-51). The last image of Jesus on earth is that of his hands being raised in the act of blessing.

19. In his mystery of love, through Christ, God communicates to his Church the power to bless. Granted by God to human beings and bestowed by them on their neighbors, the blessing is transformed into inclusion, solidarity, and peacemaking. It is a positive message of comfort, care, and encouragement. The blessing expresses God’s merciful embrace and the Church’s motherhood, which invites the faithful to have the same feelings as God toward their brothers and sisters.

A Theological-Pastoral Understanding of Blessings

20. One who asks for a blessing show himself to be in need of God’s saving presence in his life and one who asks for a blessing from the Church recognizes the latter as a sacrament of the salvation that God offers. To seek a blessing in the Church is to acknowledge that the life of the Church springs from the womb of God’s mercy and helps us to move forward, to live better, and to respond to the Lord’s will. 

21. In order to help us understand the value of a more pastoral approach to blessings, Pope Francis urges us to contemplate, with an attitude of faith and fatherly mercy, the fact that “when one asks for a blessing, one is expressing a petition for God’s assistance, a plea to live better, and confidence in a Father who can help us live better.”[12] This request should, in every waybe valued, accompanied, and received with gratitude. People who come spontaneously to ask for a blessing show by this request their sincere openness to transcendence, the confidence of their hearts that they do not trust in their own strength alone, their need for God, and their desire to break out of the narrow confines of this world, enclosed in its limitations.

22. As St. Thérèse of the Child Jesus teaches us, this confidence “is the sole path that leads us to the Love that grants everything. With confidence, the wellspring of grace overflows into our lives [...]. It is most fitting, then, that we should place heartfelt trust not in ourselves but in the infinite mercy of a God who loves us unconditionally [...]. The sin of the world is great but not infinite, whereas the merciful love of the Redeemer is indeed infinite.”[13]

23. When considered outside of a liturgical framework, these expressions of faith are found in a realm of greater spontaneity and freedom. Nevertheless, “the optional nature of pious exercises should in no way be taken to imply an under-estimation or even disrespect for such practices. The way forward in this area requires a correct and wise appreciation of the many riches of popular piety, [and] of the potentiality of these same riches.”[14] In this way, blessings become a pastoral resource to be valued rather than a risk or a problem.

24. From the point of view of pastoral care, blessings should be evaluated as acts of devotion that “are external to the celebration of the Holy Eucharist and of the other sacraments.” Indeed, the “language, rhythm, course, and theological emphasis” of popular piety differ “from those of the corresponding liturgical action.” For this reason, “pious practices must conserve their proper style, simplicity, and language, [and] attempts to impose forms of ‘liturgical celebration’ on them are always to be avoided.”[15]

25. The Church, moreover, must shy away from resting its pastoral praxis on the fixed nature of certain doctrinal or disciplinary schemes, especially when they lead to “a narcissistic and authoritarian elitism, whereby instead of evangelizing, one analyzes and classifies others, and instead of opening the door to grace, one exhausts his or her energies in inspecting and verifying.”[16] Thus, when people ask for a blessing, an exhaustive moral analysis should not be placed as a precondition for conferring it. For, those seeking a blessing should not be required to have prior moral perfection.

26. In this perspective, the Holy Father’s Respuestas aid in expanding the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith’s 2021 pronouncement from a pastoral point of view. For, the Respuestas invite discernment concerning the possibility of “forms of blessing, requested by one or more persons, that do not convey an erroneous conception of marriage”[17] and, in situations that are morally unacceptable from an objective point of view, account for the fact that “pastoral charity requires us not to treat simply as ‘sinners’ those whose guilt or responsibility may be attenuated by various factors affecting subjective imputability.”[18]

27. In the catechesis cited at the beginning of this Declaration, Pope Francis proposed a description of this kind of blessing that is offered to all without requiring anything. It is worth reading these words with an open heart, for they help us grasp the pastoral meaning of blessings offered without preconditions: “It is God who blesses. In the first pages of the Bible, there is a continual repetition of blessings. God blesses, but humans also give blessings, and soon it turns out that the blessing possesses a special power, which accompanies those who receive it throughout their lives, and disposes man’s heart to be changed by God. [...] So we are more important to God than all the sins we can commit because he is father, he is mother, he is pure love, he has blessed us forever. And he will never stop blessing us. It is a powerful experience to read these biblical texts of blessing in a prison or in a rehabilitation group. To make those people feel that they are still blessed, notwithstanding their serious mistakes, that their heavenly Father continues to will their good and to hope that they will ultimately open themselves to the good. Even if their closest relatives have abandoned them, because they now judge them to be irredeemable, God always sees them as his children.”[19]

28. There are several occasions when people spontaneously ask for a blessing, whether on pilgrimages, at shrines, or even on the street when they meet a priest. By way of example, we can refer to the Book of Blessings, which provides several rites for blessing people, including the elderly, the sick, participants in a catechetical or prayer meeting, pilgrims, those embarking on a journey, volunteer groups and associations, and more. Such blessings are meant for everyone; no one is to be excluded from them. In the introduction to the Order for the Blessing of Elderly People, for example, it is stated that the purpose of this blessing is “so that the elderly themselves may receive from their brethren a testimony of respect and gratitude, while together with them, we give thanks to the Lord for the favors they received from him and for the good they did with his help.”[20] In this case, the subject of the blessing is the elderly person, for whom and with whom thanks is being given to God for the good he has done and for the benefits received. No one can be prevented from this act of giving thanks, and each person—even if he or she lives in situations that are not ordered to the Creator’s plan—possesses positive elements for which we can praise the Lord.

29. From the perspective of the ascending dimension, when one becomes aware of the Lord’s gifts and his unconditional love, even in sinful situations—particularly when a prayer finds a hearing—the believer’s heart lifts its praise to God and blesses him. No one is precluded from this type of blessing. Everyone, individually or together with others, can lift their praise and gratitude to God.

30. The popular understanding of blessings, however, also values the importance of descending blessings. While “it is not appropriate for a Diocese, a Bishops’ Conference, or any other ecclesial structure to constantly and officially establish procedures or rituals for all kinds of matters,”[21] pastoral prudence and wisdom—avoiding all serious forms of scandal and confusion among the faithful—may suggest that the ordained minister join in the prayer of those persons who, although in a union that cannot be compared in any way to a marriage, desire to entrust themselves to the Lord and his mercy, to invoke his help, and to be guided to a greater understanding of his plan of love and of truth.

III. Blessings of Couples in Irregular Situations and of Couples of the Same Sex

31. Within the horizon outlined here appears the possibility of blessings for couples in irregular situations and for couples of the same sex, the form of which should not be fixed ritually by ecclesial authorities to avoid producing confusion with the blessing proper to the Sacrament of Marriage. In such cases, a blessing may be imparted that not only has an ascending value but also involves the invocation of a  blessing that descends from God upon those who—recognizing themselves to be destitute and in need of his help—do not claim a legitimation of their own status, but who beg that all that is true, good, and humanly valid in their lives and their relationships be enriched, healed, and elevated by the presence of the Holy Spirit. These forms of blessing express a supplication that God may grant those aids that come from the impulses of his Spirit—what classical theology calls “actual grace”—so that human relationships may mature and grow in fidelity to the Gospel, that they may be freed from their imperfections and frailties, and that they may express themselves in the ever-increasing dimension of the divine love.

32. Indeed, the grace of God works in the lives of those who do not claim to be righteous but who acknowledge themselves humbly as sinners, like everyone else. This grace can orient everything according to the mysterious and unpredictable designs of God. Therefore, with its untiring wisdom and motherly care, the Church welcomes all who approach God with humble hearts, accompanying them with those spiritual aids that enable everyone to understand and realize God’s will fully in their existence.[22]

33. This is a blessing that, although not included in any liturgical rite,[23] unites intercessory prayer with the invocation of God’s help by those who humbly turn to him. God never turns away anyone who approaches him! Ultimately, a blessing offers people a means to increase their trust in God. The request for a blessing, thus, expresses and nurtures openness to the transcendence, mercy, and closeness to God in a thousand concrete circumstances of life, which is no small thing in the world in which we live. It is a seed of the Holy Spirit that must be nurtured, not hindered.

34. The Church’s liturgy itself invites us to adopt this trusting attitude, even in the midst of our sins, lack of merits, weaknesses, and confusions, as witnessed by this beautiful Collect from the Roman Missal: “Almighty ever-living God, who in the abundance of your kindness surpass the merits and the desires of those who entreat you, pour out your mercy upon us to pardon what conscience dreads and to give what prayer does not dare to ask” (Collect for the Twenty-Seventh Sunday of Ordinary Time). How often, through a pastor’s simple blessing, which does not claim to sanction or legitimize anything, can people experience the nearness of the Father, beyond all “merits” and “desires”?

35. Therefore, the pastoral sensibility of ordained ministers should also be formed to perform blessings spontaneously that are not found in the Book of Blessings

36. In this sense, it is essential to grasp the Holy Father’s concern that these non-ritualized blessings never cease being simple gestures that provide an effective means of increasing trust in God on the part of the people who ask for them, careful that they should not become a liturgical or semi-liturgical act, similar to a sacrament. Indeed, such a ritualization would constitute a serious impoverishment because it would subject a gesture of great value in popular piety to excessive control, depriving ministers of freedom and spontaneity in their pastoral accompaniment of people’s lives.

37. In this regard, there come to mind the following words of the Holy Father, already quoted in part: “Decisions that may be part of pastoral prudence in certain circumstances should not necessarily become a norm. That is to say, it is not appropriate for a Diocese, a Bishops’ Conference, or any other ecclesial structure to constantly and officially establish procedures or rituals for all kinds of matters […]. Canon Law should not and cannot cover everything, nor should the Episcopal Conferences claim to do so with their various documents and protocols, since the life of the Church flows through many channels besides the normative ones.”[24]Thus Pope Francis recalled that “what is part of a practical discernment in particular circumstances cannot be elevated to the level of a rule” because this “would lead to an intolerable casuistry.”[25]

38. For this reason, one should neither provide for nor promote a ritual for the blessings of couples in an irregular situation. At the same time, one should not prevent or prohibit the Church’s closeness to people in every situation in which they might seek God’s help through a simple blessing. In a brief prayer preceding this spontaneous blessing, the ordained minister could ask that the individuals have peace, health, a spirit of patience, dialogue, and mutual assistance—but also God’s light and strength to be able to fulfill his will completely. 

39. In any case, precisely to avoid any form of confusion or scandal, when the prayer of blessing is requested by a couple in an irregular situation, even though it is expressed outside the rites prescribed by the liturgical books, this blessing should never be imparted in concurrence with the ceremonies of a civil union, and not even in connection with them. Nor can it be performed with any clothing, gestures, or words that are proper to a wedding.The same applies when the blessing is requested by a same-sex couple.

40. Such a blessing may instead find its place in other contexts, such as a visit to a shrine, a meeting with a priest, a prayer recited in a group, or during a pilgrimage. Indeed, through these blessings that are given not through the ritual forms proper to the liturgy but as an expression of the Church’s maternal heart—similar to those that emanate from the core of popular piety—there is no intention to legitimize anything, but rather to open one’s life to God, to ask for his help to live better, and also to invoke the Holy Spirit so that the values of the Gospel may be lived with greater faithfulness.

41. What has been said in this Declaration regarding the blessings of same-sex couples is sufficient to guide the prudent and fatherly discernment of ordained ministers in this regard. Thus, beyond the guidance provided above, no further responses should be expected about possible ways to regulate details or practicalities regarding blessings of this type.[26]

IV. The Church is the Sacrament of God’s Infinite Love

42. The Church continues to lift up those prayers and supplications that Christ himself—with loud cries and tears—offered in his earthly life (cf. Heb5:7), and which enjoy a special efficacy for this reason. In this way, “not only by charity, example, and works of penance, but also by prayer does the ecclesial community exercise a true maternal function in bringing souls to Christ.”[27]

43. The Church is thus the sacrament of God’s infinite love. Therefore, even when a person’s relationship with God is clouded by sin, he can always ask for a blessing, stretching out his hand to God, as Peter did in the storm when he cried out to Jesus, “Lord, save me!” (Mt. 14:30). Indeed, desiring and receiving a blessing can be the possible good in some situations. Pope Francis reminds us that “a small step, in the midst of great human limitations, can be more pleasing to God than a life which appears outwardly in order but moves through the day without confronting great difficulties.”[28] In this way, “what shines forth is the beauty of the saving love of God made manifest in Jesus Christ, who died and rose from the dead.”[29]

44. Any blessing will be an opportunity for a renewed proclamation of the kerygma, an invitation to draw ever closer to the love of Christ. As Pope Benedict XVI taught, “Like Mary, the Church is the mediator of God’s blessing for the world: she receives it in receiving Jesus and she transmits it in bearing Jesus. He is the mercy and the peace that the world, of itself, cannot give, and which it needs always, at least as much as bread.”[30]

45. Taking the above points into account and following the authoritative teaching of Pope Francis, this Dicastery finally wishes to recall that “the root of Christian meekness” is “the ability to feel blessed and the ability to bless [...]. This world needs blessings, and we can give blessings and receive blessings. The Father loves us, and the only thing that remains for us is the joy of blessing him, and the joy of thanking him, and of learning from him […] to bless.”[31] In this way, every brother and every sister will be able to feel that, in the Church, they are always pilgrims, always beggars, always loved, and, despite everything, always blessed.

Víctor Manuel Card. Fernández
Prefect

Mons. Armando MATTEO
Secretary for the Doctrinal Section

Ex Audientia Die   18 December 2023
Francis

 


[1] Francis, Catechesis on Prayer: The Blessing (2 December 2020).

[2] Cf. Congregatio pro Doctrina Fidei, «Responsum» ad «dubium» de benedictione unionem personarum eiusdem sexus et Nota esplicativa (15 March 2021): AAS 113 (2021), 431-434.

[3] Francis, Ap. Exhort. Evangelii Gaudium (24 November 2013), no. 42: AAS 105 (2013), 1037-1038.

[4] Cf. Francis, Respuestas a los Dubia propuestos por dos Cardenales (11 July 2023).

[5] Ibid., ad dubium 2, c.

[6] Ibid., ad dubium 2, a.

[7] Cfr. Rituale Romanum ex decreto Sacrosancti Oecumenici Concilii Vaticani II instauratum auctoritate Ioannis Pauli PP. II promulgatumDe BenedictionibusPraenotandaEditio typica, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Città del Vaticano 2013, no. 12.

[8] Ibid., no. 11: “Quo autem clarius hoc pateat, antiqua ex traditione, formulae benedictionum eo spectant ut imprimis Deum pro eius donis glorificent eiusque impetrent beneficia atque maligni potestatem in mundo compescant.”

[9] Ibid., no. 15: “Quare illi qui benedictionem Dei per Ecclesiam expostulant, dispositiones suas ea fide confirment, cui omnia sunt possibilia; spe innitantur, quae non confundit; caritate praesertim vivificentur, quae mandata Dei servanda urget.”

[10] Ibid., no. 13: “Semper ergo et ubique occasio praebetur Deum per Christum in Spiritu Sancto laudandi, invocandi eique gratias reddendi, dummodo agatur de rebus, locis, vel adiunctis quae normae vel spiritui Evangelii non contradicant.”

[11] Francis, Respuestas a los Dubia propuestos por dos Cardenales, ad dubium 2, d.

[12] Ibid., ad dubium 2, e.

[13] Francis, Ap. Exhort. C’est la Confiance (15 October 2023), nos. 2, 20, 29.

[14] Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy. Principles and Guidelines (9 April 2002), no. 12.

[15] Ibid., no. 13.

[16] Francis, Exhort. Ap. Evangelii Gaudium (24 November 2013), no. 94: AAS 105 (2013), 1060.

[17] Francis, Respuestas a los Dubia propuestos por dos Cardenales, ad dubium 2, e.

[18] Ibid., ad dubium 2, f.

[19] Francis, Catechesis on Prayer: The Blessing (2 December 2020).

[20] De Benedictionibus, no. 258: “Haec benedictio ad hoc tendit ut ipsi senes a fratribus testimonium accipiant reverentiae grataeque mentis, dum simul cum ipsis Domino gratias reddimus pro beneficiis ab eo acceptis et pro bonis operibus eo adiuvante peractis.”

[21] Francis, Respuestas a los Dubia propuestos por dos Cardenales, ad dubium 2, g.

[22] Cf. Francis, Post-Synodal Ap. Exhort. Amoris Laetitia (19 March 2016), no. 250: AAS 108 (2016), 412-413.

[23] Cf. Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy (9 April 2002), no. 13: “The objective difference between pious exercises and devotional practices should always be clear in expressions of worship. [...] Acts of devotion and piety are external to the celebration of the Holy Eucharist, and of the other sacraments.”

[24] Francis, Respuestas a los Dubia propuestos por dos Cardenales, ad dubium 2, g.

[25] Francis, Post-Synodal Ap. Exhort. Amoris Laetitia (19 March 2016), no. 304: AAS 108 (2016), 436.

[26] Cf. ibid.

[27]Officium Divinum ex decreto Sacrosancti Oecumenici Concilii Vaticani II instauratum auctoritate Pauli PP. VI promulgatumLiturgia Horarum iuxta Ritum Romanum, Institutio Generalis de Liturgia Horarum, Editio typica altera, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Città del Vaticano 1985, no. 17: “Itaque non tantum caritate, exemplo et paenitentiae operibus, sed etiam oratione ecclesialis communitas verum erga animas ad Christum adducendas maternum munus exercet.”

[28] Francis, Ap. Exhort. Evangelii Gaudium (24 November 2013), no. 44: AAS 105 (2013), 1038-1039.

[29] Ibid., no. 36: AAS 105 (2013), 1035.

[30] Benedict XVI, Homily on the Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God. 45th World Day of Peace, Vatican Basilica (1 January 2012): Insegnamenti VIII, 1 (2012), 3.

[31] Francis, Catechesis on Prayer: The Blessing (2 December 2020).

 

 

 


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